In anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are separated. In prometaphase II, microtubules attach to the kinetochores of sister chromatids, and the sister chromatids are arranged at the midpoint of the cells in metaphase II. In anaphase II, the sister chromatids are separated.

The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense. Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes. Cytokinesis separates the two cells into four unique haploid cells.

At this point, the newly-formed nuclei are both haploid. The cells produced are genetically unique because of the random assortment of paternal and maternal homologs and because of the recombining of maternal and paternal segments of chromosomes with their sets of genes that occurs during crossover.

Mitosis and meiosis share some similarities, but also some differences, most of which are observed during meiosis I. Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. They share some similarities, but also exhibit distinct differences that lead to very different outcomes. The purpose of mitosis is cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction,while the purpose of meiosis is the production of gametes for sexual reproduction.

Mitosis is a single nuclear division that results in two nuclei that are usually partitioned into two new daughter cells. The nuclei resulting from a mitotic division are genetically identical to the original nucleus. They have the same number of sets of chromosomes, one set in the case of haploid cells and two sets in the case of diploid cells.

In most plants and all animal species, it is typically diploid cells that undergo mitosis to form new diploid cells. In contrast, meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions resulting in four nuclei that are usually partitioned into four new haploid daughter cells.

The nuclei resulting from meiosis are not genetically identical and they contain one chromosome set only. This is half the number of chromosome sets in the original cell, which is diploid. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis : Meiosis and mitosis are both preceded by one round of DNA replication; however, meiosis includes two nuclear divisions. The four daughter cells resulting from meiosis are haploid and genetically distinct. The daughter cells resulting from mitosis are diploid and identical to the parent cell.

The main differences between mitosis and meiosis occur in meiosis I. In meiosis I, the homologous chromosome pairs become associated with each other and are bound together with the synaptonemal complex.

Chiasmata develop and crossover occurs between homologous chromosomes, which then line up along the metaphase plate in tetrads with kinetochore fibers from opposite spindle poles attached to each kinetochore of a homolog in a tetrad. All of these events occur only in meiosis I. When the tetrad is broken up and the homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles, the ploidy level is reduced from two to one.

For this reason, meiosis I is referred to as a reduction division. There is no such reduction in ploidy level during mitosis. Meiosis II is much more similar to a mitotic division. In this case, the duplicated chromosomes only one set, as the homologous pairs have now been separated into two different cells line up on the metaphase plate with divided kinetochores attached to kinetochore fibers from opposite poles.

During anaphase II and mitotic anaphase, the kinetochores divide and sister chromatids, now referred to as chromosomes, are pulled to opposite poles. The two daughter cells of mitosis, however, are identical, unlike the daughter cells produced by meiosis. They are different because there has been at least one crossover per chromosome. Meiosis II is not a reduction division because, although there are fewer copies of the genome in the resulting cells, there is still one set of chromosomes, as there was at the end of meiosis I.

Meiosis II is, therefore, referred to as equatorial division. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction. Search for:. The Process of Meiosis. Introduction to Meiosis Meiosis is the nuclear division of diploid cells into haploid cells, which is a necessary step in sexual reproduction.

Learning Objectives Describe the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction. Key Takeaways Key Points Sexual reproduction is the production of haploid cells and the fusion of two of those cells to form a diploid cell. Before sexual reproduction can occur, the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell must decrease by half. Meiosis produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Haploid cells used in sexual reproduction, gametes, are formed during meiosis, which consists of one round of chromosome replication and two rounds of nuclear division. Meiosis I is the first round of meiotic division, while meiosis II is the second round. Key Terms haploid : of a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes gamete : a reproductive cell, male sperm or female egg , that has only half the usual number of chromosomes diploid : of a cell, having a pair of each type of chromosome, one of the pair being derived from the ovum and the other from the spermatozoon.

Meiosis I In meiosis I, the first round of meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange DNA and the diploid cell is divided into two haploid cells. Learning Objectives Describe the stages and results of meiosis I. During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes condense and become visible as the x shape we know, pair up to form a tetrad, and exchange genetic material by crossing over. In metaphase I, the tetrads line themselves up at the metaphase plate and homologous pairs orient themselves randomly.

As a cell divides to form gametes:. Gametes have half the total number of chromosomes that the organism needs to develop and are referred to as haploid. For example, humans need 46 chromosomes to develop, therefore a human gamete has 23 chromosomes. Fertilisation is the fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete with the nucleus of a female gamete.

When the two gametes combine, they merge the two sets of chromossome to create a cell with the total number of chromosomes needed to develop, known as a diploid cell. In humans when the haploid sperm and egg cell join in fertilisation the resulting zygote has a total of 46 chromosomes the correct number to develop.

By having gametes which are haploid, when the gametes combine, diploid cells are maintained. Also, the mixing of chromosomes in fertilisation is a source of genetic variation. Thus, haploidic may be used as a synonym for haploid when the latter is used as an adjective. As a noun, the term haploid refers to a cell e. The term haploidy is also a noun. It specifically refers to the condition characterized by being haploid.

Synonyms: haploidic. Compare: monoploid , diploid , polyploid. Ploidy refers to the number of sets of homologous chromosomes in the genome of a cell or an organism. Each set is designated by n. The term haploidy refers to the state of having half of the set of chromosomes. Haploid cells e. In humans, somatic cells possess two sets of chromosomes.

Thus, a human somatic cell would be a diploid cell and is designated with a symbol 2n. As for haploid and monoploid, the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. This is when the term haploid is defined not as having half of a set but as having a single copy of the chromosomes in a cell; monoploid is defined the same way.

When there are multiple sets present in a cell, the condition is described as polyploid. Special types of polyploids include triploid 3n , tetraploid 4n , pentaploid 5n , etc. Sex cells gamete s are examples of haploid cells. In humans as well as other higher forms of living thing s , the somatic cell contains two copies of genes. As such, they are referred to as diploids.

They produce haploid gametes through gametogenesis , a process that makes use of meiosis that halves the chromosomal set. This is essential so that during the union of gametes the resulting zygote is diploid. This preserves the integrity of chromosomal number throughout generations.

In particular, the human sex cells a sperm or an egg cell will have 23 chromosomes. This means that the sperm cell and the egg cell contain only half the diploid number of a human somatic cell which is At fertilization , the two cells unite forming a zygote with now two sets of chromosomes. The human zygote, then, grows by going through mitosis.

As a result, the archetypal chromosomal number of 46 in humans per somatic cell in the human body is maintained. Plants have a life cycle comprised of two generations: the gametophyte and the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a phase of a plant life cycle or the plant itself that bears the gametes. Thus, a gametophyte is a haploid multicellular form of the plant, e. Plants are characterized by having alternation of generations in their life cycles.