Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 5 through 8. If you find that your weeping cherry is not thriving, assess for dry soil and check for pests and diseases. If you find that your weeping cherry is showing signs of wilt or dropping leaves, it may just need water.

Drought and dry soil can also make the tree more susceptible to pests and keep it from producing new growth. When dry, the stomata on the undersides of the leaves will close to help preserve water.

In severe conditions, when the water level in the tree falls drastically, photosynthesis is hindered, leading to a lack of energy for the tree. Irrigate your weeping cherry tree more often if dry conditions exist. Weeping cherries grow best in a slightly acidic soil, with a pH level between 6 and 7; if the soil becomes too alkaline, above 7. These deficiencies are manifested by a yellowing or chlorosis along the veins in the leaves.

To help reverse both iron and manganese deficiencies, lower the soil's pH using sulfur. In soils high in free lime or calcium carbonate, iron sulfate or nitrogen-containing fertilizer is a better option.

Here are pics:. The Revolution Will Be Cultivated. At first I also thought it was probably just from the cold weather we've been having, but then I saw a neighbor just a block or two away has the same type of tree and theirs was in full flower just like mine was last year.

Maybe there was a cold period that killed the buds above the snow line, the lower portions remaining beneath the snow and surviving. In live in SE VA. The East Coast had a long hard winter and is having an unusually long cold spring.

The Yoshino cherries are blooming now, but other cherries are not. This may be caused by temperature changes - several episodes of warm temps for a few days, followed by hard frosts and high winds. Everything is late. Leaves on native evergreen trees and shrubs are burned. Ordered a weeping cherry tree online, and the branches are Any idea what is wrong with my new dwarf black mulberry tree.

Stop pruning it and in several years you will have a show piece. I use fruit tree fertilizer spikes on ours and they are starting to look like an open umbrella. The only thing you have to watch for is that a Weeping Cherry tends to grow surface roots and can be quite large as large as the trunk itself. I tend to put topsoil over the roots to allow some grass to grow back where the roots have squeezed the grass out. They will! These trees are hearty. Tree spikes are a poor investment. Already purchased ones should be crumbled and scattered over the soil instead of inserted into the ground in columns, where only a percentage of the roots will have access to the fertilizer.

Regular substantial fertilization should be accompanied by sampling and testing of the soil. It is possible to poison the soil with too much of a fertilizer ingredient phosphorus is a common example as well as waste money on fertilizer that is not needed. Excess fertilizer from home gardens also makes a big contribution to fouling of the water supply.

The big roots coming from beneath weeping Japanese cherry trees are those of the sweet cherry trees they are grafted onto. With some care it is possible to avoid purchasing this prevalent but undesirable combination. I think some of the commonly sold Snow Fountains 'Snofozam' TM weeping cherry tree are being raised from cuttings; there has also been some grafting of Japanese cherry trees offered to the public on the Gisela dwarfing rootstock associated with orchard fruit tree cultivation.

Can't argue about the tree spikes, but I use them and this is what I have grown in 6 or 7 years. Only other fertilzer it might get is from the 4 season Scott lawn program I use? The ground is full of car parts, engines, transmissions and chrome pieces. Long funny story how my weight lifting neighbor came out laughing at me when I was using a pry-bar and balltene hammer to get into the ground far enough to plant this thing.

He was going to show off and ended up helping me as the pickax and any other tool I had did not penetrate the ground. Dug an 8' circle ring around it and filled it with water 2 or 3 times a day as I could remember to do it and this is in front of a house that I use as a office, so I am here all the time. My hope was that it would eventually be a shade tree, but I did not have this property long enough to know what the sun pattern was in the summer - or not smart enough to take note before planting it.

Here is a link that might be useful: My weeping cherry. Perhaps it blooms from the tips to the base of each branch? It sort of looks like that happened last year as well in your pictures. I also live in southern Va and my weeping cherry did not have many blooms either. Actually none of my flowering trees did. I just chalked it up to the very cold winter that just didn't want to end. Stop pruning it. No tree spikes are needed. If not, then fertilise with Tui General Fertiliser , which contains potash potassium to help with flowering.

Why does my weeping cherry tree only get a few flowers each year? Hi Tui, why does my weeping cherry tree only get a few flowers each year? Hi Dot Some flowering cherries require a chilling period to initiate flowering and that is why they grow so well in the South Island - they need a good frost.

New to Kayo? Clarke, who struggled with chronic back issues throughout his cricket career, revealed it was preparatory training for the show that forced him to pull out. This is probably the one show I thought, there are certainly some out of the comfort zone stuff that I wanted to test myself and I was looking forward to it. My back is my back and it has been my whole career and the last thing I wanted was to wind up in a hospital bed needing surgery.

So plenty of physio treatment for now. Michael Clarke. Michael Clarke has made some sensational revelations, claiming that one of the biggest legend of Australian cricket Shane Warne smoked before taking field. Warne, who was constantly in the limelight for his affairs, became a media favorite with almost everyone talking about his on-field as well as off-field antics.

Generally, Warnie would have a smoke as he was walking onto the ground. Retired Australian cricket captain Michael Clarke has joined a host of fellow athletes on a new video messaging platform called Swysh allowing them to talk to fans directly.

Michael Clarke explains why he is part of Swysh in the video player above. To find out more about how we use cookies, please see our Cookie Guide. In his last chat with The Morning Show , Clarke spoke of how he was struggling with homeschooling Kelsey Lee with her French lessons but he said she was now back at school.

Cape Elizabeth also has some of the best grade schools in the state. The homes here tend to be quite large, but there are still some cute little cottages that retain the fishing village charm of the area.

Head further inland from the coastal zone to get a better bargain. Bangor, named after the Welsh town all the way across the Atlantic, is a peaceful, low key and friendly city around 2. Another perk of living in Bangor is the international airport here, which makes traveling around the country, and further afield, a breeze.

The small city of Yarmouth, home to around residents, is another coastal satellite community of Portland, popular with commuters to the city. The area itself is pretty sleepy, but there are enough good restaurants and local pubs to satisfy the residents.

Downtown Portland is only 12 miles away, so accessing the city is easy. Just north of Yarmouth is the popular tourist town of Freeport. Freeport is well known for is an awesome collection of outlet stores, and is home to the world-famous L. L Bean clothing brand. The area also sees a large number of tourists, many of them arriving on cruise ships that dock at the harbor during the warmer months. That being said, there are some great restaurants in the neighborhood, as well as 2 movie theatres, and some decent shopping opportunities.

In the past few decades, things have shifted dramatically in The Pine Tree State. The biggest employer in the state is MaineHealth, an award-winning healthcare provider based in Portland. Coming in at a close second is the Hannaford Bros grocery store chain, which has 59 stores across Maine, as well as in Vermont and New Hampshire. L Bean clothing and outerwear brand. Prices are rising rapidly though, up around 7. That said, given the rise in home prices, buying a home in Maine may make for a good investment in your future.

As always, local markets are subject to fluctuations and tend to ebb and flow throughout the year, so always do your own due diligence and research. Typically, the worst time to buy a home in Maine is towards the end of summer when prices and demand is high. According to Zillow. Of course, the price you pay depends on the location you choose.

The good news is that utility bills here are surprisingly low. It starts to get expensive when you head to the grocery store though; Maine has the 6 th highest grocery prices in the country. Transportation overall, including public transportation, car maintenance costs, vehicle registration and vehicle taxes is also favorable, coming in 7.

If paying out of pocket the cost of medical bills for doctor visits and in-hospital care is almost exactly on par with the national average being just 0. There are 3 income tax brackets in the state of Maine. Buy Maine First. Submit Photos and Videos. Gray DC Bureau.

Investigate TV. Latest Newscasts. Dismiss Weather Alerts Alerts Bar. Maine city ranked one of top 10 best places to live in US. Published: Jul. Boasting over 3, miles of gorgeous coastline, Maine has some of the most amazing beach routes in the country.

Some of the harbors hold some serious history, too. Maine has acres of relaxing forest, long stretches of desolate ocean, and miles of wildlife.

Many residents move here because they love the peace and quiet of the country. Here, you can visit the famous Schoodic Point geyser. Least we say more. From a real-life Polar Express to a formal ball with penguins in attendance! All aboard! Laboratories and life sciences firms across Maine are advancing biomedical breakthroughs of the future.

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In anaphase I, the homologous chromosomes are separated. In prometaphase II, microtubules attach to the kinetochores of sister chromatids, and the sister chromatids are arranged at the midpoint of the cells in metaphase II. In anaphase II, the sister chromatids are separated.

The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense. Nuclear envelopes form around the chromosomes. Cytokinesis separates the two cells into four unique haploid cells.

At this point, the newly-formed nuclei are both haploid. The cells produced are genetically unique because of the random assortment of paternal and maternal homologs and because of the recombining of maternal and paternal segments of chromosomes with their sets of genes that occurs during crossover.

Mitosis and meiosis share some similarities, but also some differences, most of which are observed during meiosis I. Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of division of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. They share some similarities, but also exhibit distinct differences that lead to very different outcomes. The purpose of mitosis is cell regeneration, growth, and asexual reproduction,while the purpose of meiosis is the production of gametes for sexual reproduction.

Mitosis is a single nuclear division that results in two nuclei that are usually partitioned into two new daughter cells. The nuclei resulting from a mitotic division are genetically identical to the original nucleus. They have the same number of sets of chromosomes, one set in the case of haploid cells and two sets in the case of diploid cells.

In most plants and all animal species, it is typically diploid cells that undergo mitosis to form new diploid cells. In contrast, meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions resulting in four nuclei that are usually partitioned into four new haploid daughter cells.

The nuclei resulting from meiosis are not genetically identical and they contain one chromosome set only. This is half the number of chromosome sets in the original cell, which is diploid. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis : Meiosis and mitosis are both preceded by one round of DNA replication; however, meiosis includes two nuclear divisions. The four daughter cells resulting from meiosis are haploid and genetically distinct. The daughter cells resulting from mitosis are diploid and identical to the parent cell.

The main differences between mitosis and meiosis occur in meiosis I. In meiosis I, the homologous chromosome pairs become associated with each other and are bound together with the synaptonemal complex.

Chiasmata develop and crossover occurs between homologous chromosomes, which then line up along the metaphase plate in tetrads with kinetochore fibers from opposite spindle poles attached to each kinetochore of a homolog in a tetrad. All of these events occur only in meiosis I. When the tetrad is broken up and the homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles, the ploidy level is reduced from two to one.

For this reason, meiosis I is referred to as a reduction division. There is no such reduction in ploidy level during mitosis. Meiosis II is much more similar to a mitotic division. In this case, the duplicated chromosomes only one set, as the homologous pairs have now been separated into two different cells line up on the metaphase plate with divided kinetochores attached to kinetochore fibers from opposite poles.

During anaphase II and mitotic anaphase, the kinetochores divide and sister chromatids, now referred to as chromosomes, are pulled to opposite poles. The two daughter cells of mitosis, however, are identical, unlike the daughter cells produced by meiosis. They are different because there has been at least one crossover per chromosome. Meiosis II is not a reduction division because, although there are fewer copies of the genome in the resulting cells, there is still one set of chromosomes, as there was at the end of meiosis I.

Meiosis II is, therefore, referred to as equatorial division. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction. Search for:. The Process of Meiosis. Introduction to Meiosis Meiosis is the nuclear division of diploid cells into haploid cells, which is a necessary step in sexual reproduction.

Learning Objectives Describe the importance of meiosis in sexual reproduction. Key Takeaways Key Points Sexual reproduction is the production of haploid cells and the fusion of two of those cells to form a diploid cell. Before sexual reproduction can occur, the number of chromosomes in a diploid cell must decrease by half. Meiosis produces cells with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Haploid cells used in sexual reproduction, gametes, are formed during meiosis, which consists of one round of chromosome replication and two rounds of nuclear division. Meiosis I is the first round of meiotic division, while meiosis II is the second round. Key Terms haploid : of a cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes gamete : a reproductive cell, male sperm or female egg , that has only half the usual number of chromosomes diploid : of a cell, having a pair of each type of chromosome, one of the pair being derived from the ovum and the other from the spermatozoon.

Meiosis I In meiosis I, the first round of meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange DNA and the diploid cell is divided into two haploid cells. Learning Objectives Describe the stages and results of meiosis I. During prophase I, the homologous chromosomes condense and become visible as the x shape we know, pair up to form a tetrad, and exchange genetic material by crossing over. In metaphase I, the tetrads line themselves up at the metaphase plate and homologous pairs orient themselves randomly.

As a cell divides to form gametes:. Gametes have half the total number of chromosomes that the organism needs to develop and are referred to as haploid. For example, humans need 46 chromosomes to develop, therefore a human gamete has 23 chromosomes. Fertilisation is the fusion of the nucleus of a male gamete with the nucleus of a female gamete.

When the two gametes combine, they merge the two sets of chromossome to create a cell with the total number of chromosomes needed to develop, known as a diploid cell. In humans when the haploid sperm and egg cell join in fertilisation the resulting zygote has a total of 46 chromosomes the correct number to develop.

By having gametes which are haploid, when the gametes combine, diploid cells are maintained. Also, the mixing of chromosomes in fertilisation is a source of genetic variation. Thus, haploidic may be used as a synonym for haploid when the latter is used as an adjective. As a noun, the term haploid refers to a cell e. The term haploidy is also a noun. It specifically refers to the condition characterized by being haploid.

Synonyms: haploidic. Compare: monoploid , diploid , polyploid. Ploidy refers to the number of sets of homologous chromosomes in the genome of a cell or an organism. Each set is designated by n. The term haploidy refers to the state of having half of the set of chromosomes. Haploid cells e. In humans, somatic cells possess two sets of chromosomes.

Thus, a human somatic cell would be a diploid cell and is designated with a symbol 2n. As for haploid and monoploid, the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. This is when the term haploid is defined not as having half of a set but as having a single copy of the chromosomes in a cell; monoploid is defined the same way.

When there are multiple sets present in a cell, the condition is described as polyploid. Special types of polyploids include triploid 3n , tetraploid 4n , pentaploid 5n , etc. Sex cells gamete s are examples of haploid cells. In humans as well as other higher forms of living thing s , the somatic cell contains two copies of genes. As such, they are referred to as diploids.

They produce haploid gametes through gametogenesis , a process that makes use of meiosis that halves the chromosomal set. This is essential so that during the union of gametes the resulting zygote is diploid. This preserves the integrity of chromosomal number throughout generations.

In particular, the human sex cells a sperm or an egg cell will have 23 chromosomes. This means that the sperm cell and the egg cell contain only half the diploid number of a human somatic cell which is At fertilization , the two cells unite forming a zygote with now two sets of chromosomes. The human zygote, then, grows by going through mitosis.

As a result, the archetypal chromosomal number of 46 in humans per somatic cell in the human body is maintained. Plants have a life cycle comprised of two generations: the gametophyte and the sporophyte. The gametophyte is a phase of a plant life cycle or the plant itself that bears the gametes. Thus, a gametophyte is a haploid multicellular form of the plant, e. Plants are characterized by having alternation of generations in their life cycles.

At first, hazing doesn't seem that bad. Then it gets worse. Hazing typically begins mildly, said Susan Lipkins, a psychologist and the author of "Preventing Hazing. It could start out as something as harmless as being made to cross-dress, Lipkins said. I can handle that,'" she added. But soon the rituals become more intense. When Burch was first seeking to join Gamma Psi, she says members told her there would be some hazing.

But she believed the girls were kind and fun and would take care of the pledges. At first, Burch says the hazing was minor. Pledges had to visit sorority members to learn about them, or study in the library. They had to carry a marble on their person at all times, and wear a ribbon on their backpack.

But it didn't stay that way for long. About a week in, Burch says she was blindfolded and put in the back of a car, like Schlank. There, in the middle of the night, the pledges were forced into a frigid creek, where they were made to do pushups and sit ups and crawl through the water, resulting in numerous bruises and cuts, Burch said.

The girls were screamed at, taunted and spit on. And while they were shivering from the cold, the sisters made the pledges build fires to warm themselves -- only to have the sisters immediately put them out, Burch said. It went on for hours. I hated that.

I hated it. Unlike many sororities, the Gamma Psi sorority at Young Harris College is a local sorority, meaning it doesn't answer to a national organization and exists under the purview of the school. It did not respond to a request for comment. Anyone found to be violating that policy would be "sanctioned appropriately," the school said. It also said hazing education was a"priority" for the school, particularly for students in Greek life. Cimino called hazing "fundamentally coercive," and said it can cause hazees to eventually submit to behavior they wouldn't normally be on board with.

Exacerbating the situation, he added, is the fact that hazing often entails sleep deprivation or excessive drinking, further diminishing hazees' inhibitions. That's when pledges start relenting and doing things outside their comfort zones, he said. People make poor decisions when they are sleep-deprived. All of these things impact your ability to make good decisions.

University leaders describe the challenge of reforming fraternity culture as a balancing act. Some schools have taken steps to limit alcohol at parties, push back recruitment schedules and mandate anti-hazing workshops, and national fraternity organizations have rolled out required trainings and safety programs. But tragedies have continued to occur with alarming regularity.

He temporarily suspended all Greek life at the school in , when year-old Nolan Burch died after an initiation event while pledging Kappa Sigma, according to police. University of South Carolina President Harris Pastides thinks alumni, who regale younger generations with their college stories and often contribute financially to schools, need to be part of the effort to stop recurring misconduct.

He received pushback from both alumni and current students after saying in that he would consider ending pledging following a student death, though he ultimately decided not to do so. Even when those within the fraternity community advocate for reforms, they often face strong opposition.

University administrators and national fraternity leaders admit that reforms will work only if fraternity members follow them. Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Sigma Phi Epsilon both ended pledging in an effort to reduce hazing, but several chapters have since been investigated for hazing violations. In the rare instance when a chapter is banned for good, it can still re-emerge underground. The fraternity says no official member was involved.

In the face of these challenges, critics say the reforms many universities have adopted are too incremental to ensure the safety of the hundreds of thousands of students who participate in Greek life. Such incidents are troubling to those who are still mourning Piazza. Brooks, his former roommate, worries about what will happen as more time passes and the urgency behind hazing reform fades.

Write to Katie Reilly at Katie. Reilly time. A Penn State student and Beta Theta Pi fraternity pledge, Piazza had taken part in a ceremony known as "the gauntlet," in which he consumed a high volume of alcohol. He subsequently fell and hit his head repeatedly, including tumbling down a staircase, and died the next morning. Piazza's death, like other hazing incidents, resulted in anti-hazing legislation. Passed in early , the Timothy J. Piazza Antihazing Law provides stricter punishment and a tiered penalty system for fraternity and sorority members in Pennsylvania.

While was the first year in 60 years to lack any hazing-related deaths, due largely in part to the transition to remote learning, swiftly took back any sense of relief schools and parents might have felt. Both incidents — especially that involving Foltz, who was kept alive so his organs could be donated — gained media attention and reignited appeals for schools to crack down on hazing. As the death toll from hazing rises, parents around the country are increasingly outraged by the lack of action universities are taking to protect students.

In response, more states are introducing anti-hazing laws and pushing for stricter consequences for hazing. Currently, 44 states maintain laws prohibiting hazing , but most deem it a misdemeanor rather than a felony.

Additionally, many anti-hazing laws specifically refer to initiation rituals despite the fact hazing can take place outside fraternities. In , Florida passed an anti-hazing law that allows for legal action against students who assist in hazing, regardless of whether they were present for the actual hazing. This bill, called Andrew's Law, was named after Florida State University student Andrew Coffey, who died from alcohol-related hazing in In February, the Georgia Senate unanimously voted in support of a bill that would increase penalties for those involved in hazing.

Even more recently, the Georgia Senate unanimously voted in February in support of a bill that would increase penalties for those involved in hazing. The bill was created in honor of Max Gruver, a Louisiana State University student who died from alcohol-related hazing in But many believe state bills aren't enough.

In the United States, victims of hazing incidents were either humiliated in public and some even died in the process. Although efforts have been launched to stop college hazing in the country, hazing rituals continue to plague several universities and colleges and they have increased in numbers. The members ran to one end of the bus while they were kicked or punched by their fellow band members.

If they were to fail to get to the other side without falling down on the way, they had to restart the entire process. Champion originally left the bus to vomit, but he was forced by his bandmates to return back to do the challenge again. An hour later, he collapsed and died due to blunt trauma.

His death was ruled as a homicide case according to the police and a lawsuit was filed to those who took part in the event. He was asked several questions regarding the fraternity and with every wrong answer, he was force fed with vodka, Pixy Stix, hot sauce, chocolate powder and dish soap. Not all frat members are supportive of hazing and that is the same case with Benjamin Klein. They beat him up and held his head under a bathtub full of water until he agreed not to leave the room.

You can't see the change with your eyes, but scientists can measure it. Black holes pack so much mass into such a small volume that their gravity is strong enough to keep anything, even light, from escaping.

Watch this video to find out more about these areas of immense gravity! Gravity is very important to us. We could not live on Earth without it. The sun's gravity keeps Earth in orbit around it, keeping us at a comfortable distance to enjoy the sun's light and warmth. It holds down our atmosphere and the air we need to breathe. Gravity is what holds our world together. Gravity is slightly stronger over places with more mass underground than over places with less mass.

Areas in blue have slightly weaker gravity and areas in red have slightly stronger gravity. GRACE detects tiny changes in gravity over time. These changes have revealed important details about our planet. What Is Gravity? What else does gravity do? Gravity in our universe Gravity is what holds the planets in orbit around the sun and what keeps the moon in orbit around Earth.

What is a black hole? Indeed gravity is one of the most fundamental forces in nature. Sir Isaac Newton developed laws to describe both. Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, an inverse square law, explains the gravitational pull or attraction between any two objects. The gravitational force experienced by an object within a gravitational field is always directed towards the center of the mass that is generating the field, such as the center of the Earth. If the net force is from gravity, this acceleration is called acceleration due to gravity; for objects near particular large bodies like planets this acceleration is approximately constant, meaning all objects fall with the same acceleration.

Any object dropped near the surface of the Earth will fall toward the center of the Earth at an ever-increasing rate, each second going 9. Astronauts reach a distant planet and find it takes eight times as much force to lift objects there than it does on Earth. What is the acceleration due to gravity on this planet? On this planet the force of gravity is eight times larger. The second of Newton's laws that apply to understanding gravity in physics resulted from Newton puzzling through another physicist's findings.

It's like the Earth pulling on you and keeping you on the ground. That pull is gravity at work. Every object in the universe that has mass exerts a gravitational pull , or force, on every other mass. The size of the pull depends on the masses of the objects. You exert a gravitational force on the people around you, but that force isn't very strong, since people aren't very big.

When you look at really large masses, like the Earth and Moon, the gravitational pull becomes very impressive. The gravitational force between the Earth and the molecules of gas in the atmosphere is strong enough to hold the atmosphere close to our surface.

Smaller planets, that have less mass, may not be able to hold an atmosphere. A larger size does not mean a bigger mass.

Imagine two balls that are about the same size, like a football and a bowling ball. Will they have the same mass? An easy way to think about mass is to consider how much matter or "stuff" you can find inside the object.

In the case of the football, air molecules make up most of its inside. The outside of the ball looks solid, but cut it in half and the ball will look like an empty shell. Whereas the inside of a bowling ball is usually completely solid, so if you cut it in half you will end up with two solid pieces.

The bowling ball has more matter inside it, making it denser than the football. Therefore, its mass will be greater than the soccer ball's mass. Mass is measured in grams g or kilograms kg but is NOT a force. The weight of an object is the force caused by gravity pulling down on the mass of an object. It is measured in newtons N. Weight is measured using a force meter. The bigger the weight attached to the force meter, the more the spring inside the force meter stretches.

The Earth always produces the same acceleration on every object. If you drop an acorn or a piano, they will gain velocity speed at the same rate. Although the gravitational force the Earth exerts on the objects is different, their masses are just as different, so the effect we observe acceleration is the same for each.

The Earth's gravitational force accelerates objects when they fall. It constantly pulls, and the objects constantly speed up. You might be thinking, "What about feathers? They fall so slowly. When a feather falls, it falls slowly because the air is in its way. There is a lot of air resistance and that resistance makes the feather move more slowly.

The forces at work are the same. If you dropped a feather in a container with no air a vacuum , it would drop as fast as a baseball. Isaac Newton was an incredibly clever man. He was a scientist and a mathematician. In , Newton published a book about mathematics which is thought to be one of the important books in the history of science.

In it he describes universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, concepts that remained at the forefront of science for centuries after. Newton was known to have said that his work on formulating a theory of gravitation was inspired by watching an apple fall from a tree and wondering about what made it fall downwards.

Universe - all matter and energy that exists in the vastness of space, whether known to human beings or not Gravity - the attraction due to gravitation that the Earth or another astronomical object exerts on an object on or near its surface Atoms - the smallest portion into which an element can be divided Mass - an object has mass say kg.

This makes it heavy enough to weigh kg Orbit - the path that an astronomical object such as a planet, moon, or satellite follows around a larger astronomical object such as the Sun Magnetism - the phenomenon of physical attraction for iron, found in magnets or made by a moving electric charge or current Friction - the rubbing of two objects against each other when one or both are moving Anomaly - something strange and difficult to identify or classify Deformation - the act or process of damaging, disfiguring, or spoiling the look of something, or the condition of being damaged, disfigured, or spoiled Denser - closer together, more tightly-packed Newtons - The correct unit for measuring force is the Newton, which is abbreviated N.

Something doesn't add up in the tale of Erik Kuselias' "move up" from the Golf Channel to NBC Sports Talk , suggesting that his most recent switcheroo might have been provoked for the same reason as his first. Kuselias was once a talking head at ESPN, but the Worldwide Leader let his contract expire in without seeming to make an effort to keep him around.

This is where it gets sketchy. Worth noting, too, is Kuselias' alleged history at ESPN, where sources told Deadspin a couple of years ago that he had a reputation for inappropriate conduct with his female coworkers. Though ESPN never formally addressed the reasons why he wasn't offered a new contract, there has been constant speculation that the network tried to weed him out because of his personal conduct.

Is NBC trying to do the same thing by moving him to a program where he'll be less visible? He was quite good at it as he was an all-state baseball player and has played the all-state baseball with Baseball champions Jeff Bagwell, Mo Vaughn, and Brad Ausmus. Later, he appeared on the radio shows like Mike and Mike in the Morning.

He worked in the show as a frequent substitute host to the original hosts, Mike Greenberg. There were rumors that he was fired from the channel but it was later falsified by the host.

Erik Kuselias has a brother named Christopher J. His ex Sonders is a writer on Golf Channel. She had left the channel joining Fox Sports as a golf journalist and sideline correspondent on NFL games. He is also recognized for his misbehavior with his colleagues. Holly was exceptionally suspicious towards him because of which she contracted a private specialist. The specialist discovered he was having an illicit relationship with ESPN character, Stephania Bell who served as an American football injury analyst.

In , the talk of their separation began whirling on the web. In August , Sonders talked about her split with her better half. She eventually received a scholarship from Michigan State University and went on to win more tournaments on their golf team, bringing home a Big Ten Conference championship in Sonders graduated with a degree in journalism in , and, two years later, she married her two passions by becoming a co-host on the Golf Channel's morning talk show Morning Drive.

So, is her golf game still there? Free Nicki Swift tip: We wouldn't recommend playing her with your rent money. But what else do we know about the artist formerly known as Holly Niederkohr? Hop in the cart, and let's tee up the untold truth of Holly Sonders. Congratulations K.

Congratulations KliffKingsbury, so proud of you. And we are a little past the crush part. News that Sonders and Kingsbury were in a relationship came after a whirlwind couple of months for the football celeb.

In November , Texas Tech let Kliff Kingsbury go from his position as their head football coach, who'd maintained a record over six seasons. But Kingsbury didn't stick with that gig for long, as, a little over a month later, he became the head coach of the NFL's Arizona Cardinals.

He landed himself a huge job and secured a new romance? Did Kingsbury find a genie's lamp sometime during the holiday season? A lot of interesting things can happen on live television. A person can destroy their career , make things painfully uncomfortable , or, in Holly Sonders' case, make things hilariously awkward with a Freudian slip.

During the FS1 U. Open preview show, Sonders said "sexual qualifying" instead of "sectional qualifying," but she managed to keep her composure. To their credit, her two co-hosts, Shane Bacon and Brad Faxon , pretended they didn't hear it, or they were frozen in second-hand embarrassment.

Responding to a tweet containing a clip of the awkward slip-up, Sonders replied , "Live tv! It's been a long week! Sonders then continued to poke fun at herself on Twitter. If Brad and Shane had even cracked a smile we wouldn't have made it through the segment," she wrote. Holly Sonders was previously married to sports television and radio host Erik Kuselias , but the couple split sometime in Per Deadspin , the pair reportedly started an affair when they co-hosted Morning Drive while Kuselias was still married to his first wife.

There is more mixing involved, but the atoms of the gas go from being completely separated from each other to being closely packed with each other and the solvent. Thus, the entropy decreases. Since gases have so much more entropy than solids, the entropy change of this reaction is positive. One mole of a solid is produced from two moles of ions in aqueous solution.

Since solids have less entropy than solutions, the entropy change of this reaction is negative. Two moles of a gas are produced from one mole of a gas. Since the number of moles of gas has increased, the entropy change of this reaction is positive.

Carbon dioxide gas is dissolved under pressure in the soda before the can is opened. Re: Entropy of gas vs liquid vs solid Post by Ya Gao » Sat Jan 27, am When the molecules are in gas phase, there are many more possible states they can occupy compared to the possible states molecules can occupy when they are in liquid phase or solid phase.

With more possible states, the entropy will be higher. Re: Entropy of gas vs liquid vs solid Post by Brandon Fujii 1K » Sat Jan 27, pm Whenever a substance is being heated AND is not going through a phase change, the temperature of the substance average Kinetic Energy of each particle increases.

As the total kinetic energy of the particles of the substance increases, entropy increases. Therefore, because a gas has a higher temperature than that of a solid, the gas has a greater entropy. Re: Entropy of gas vs liquid vs solid Post by Wayland Leung » Sat Jan 27, pm What does it mean when there are more possible states a gas can occupy? How do you calculate entropy of vaporization?

Why does entropy increase with an increase in temperature? Why is entropy of the universe increasing? Can entropy be zero? How do free energy and entropy relate? Which state has a higher entropy — the liquid—gas equilibrium or the gaseous state? I have learned that at equilibrium the entropy is maximised.

What factor is responsible for this? Whatever one observes whether it is a liquid, a gas, or a mixture thereof is the state of maximum entropy for the particular values of the internal energy and volume the system currently has.

As OP noted, this is a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. According to this law, a system with a fixed internal energy self-adjusts its free parameters in such a way that the entropy is maximized. The free parameter in OP's example is the fraction of molecules in the liquid or gaseous phase. When we say that the entropy of the gaseous phase is larger than that of the liquid phase, we are referring to the specific entropies i.

One may still wonder why liquid-gas coexistence is ever possible. As the gaseous phase has a higher specific entropy, why doesn't the system self-adjust to have all its molecules in the gaseous phase? Therefore, to have more molecules in the gaseous phase but stay at the same internal energy and volume, the system has to lower its temperature and raise its pressure.

This results in a decrease in the entropy, 1 which counteracts its increase that would have happened if the evaporation had taken place at constant temperature and pressure.

The purpose of a cleansing enema is to gently flush out the colon. It may be recommended prior to a colonoscopy or other medical examination.

Constipation, fatigue, headaches, and backaches may be relieved by a cleansing enema. During a cleansing enema, a water-based solution with a small concentration of stool softener, baking soda, or apple cider vinegar is used to stimulate the movement of the large intestine. A cleansing enema should stimulate the bowels to quickly expel both the solution and any impacted fecal matter. You may be asked to fast or follow special dietary instructions in the days prior to having an enema. Instructions may vary, depending on your doctor and your personal health needs.

If you plan to administer an enema at home, make sure that all of the equipment you are using has been sterilized and that you have a lubricant on hand. Pay careful attention to the way that you prepare the enema solution. You may have to mix it yourself with medicinal components. To lessen the pressure felt in your colon, empty your bladder before you begin the enema. You may also want to place a towel or cloth down in the area between your bathtub and your toilet, in case fluid leaks out of your bowels when you get up to empty your colon.

If you are unfamiliar with enemas, you should consider having a medical professional administer one for you. They can also offer instructions for home kits that are available over the counter at pharmacies. Check with your doctor before use. Some types of enemas are exclusively administered at medical offices. A barium enema, for example, uses a liquid compound that highlights certain areas of the gastrointestinal tract.

This increases the amount of the tract that your doctor can see during an exam. Barium enemas are not used to treat constipation. Read more: Barium enema ». Enemas can be administered in the comfort of your own home. This way can be less expensive, but you should ask your doctor for detailed instructions beforehand. Due to the delicate nature of the procedure, a loved one should help.

Enemas utilize a solution of salt water that is placed into a bag on one side of the tube. The other portion is lubed and placed directly into the rectum.

In order for the solution to reach the colon properly, hug your knees to your chest while lying on your stomach or on your side. Here are the standard instructions:. Once all of the solution is emptied into the colon, a bowel movement is expected within the hour. If you fail to expel any waste, call your doctor. You may be ordered to perform the procedure at a later time. Successful administrations result in the expulsion of waste from the rectum.

There are plenty of holistic and nontraditional advocates for enemas as a beneficial method for internal cleansing. For Western medicine at large, the verdict is still out on whether regularly administered home enemas have proven benefits. Not much conclusive research has been done into their long-term health benefits. An enema is a treatment that people use to flush the contents of the bowel out of the body.

An enema can take a few minutes to begin working, but a person should stay near a toilet for roughly one hour. Enemas can begin to work after a few minutes , but people may need to use the bathroom more than once for the next hour.

An individual uses an enema to inject fluid through the anus into the sigmoid colon. An enema can involve different fluids, depending on the purpose. A person may vary the fluid they inject, the volume of the contents, or the retention period, depending on the reason for the enema. Doctors may prescribe an enema to clear the lower half of the large bowel before a diagnostic test or for other medical purposes.

Some people will use an enema on a regular basis because they believe it enables general health benefits through detoxification.

It is best to check with a doctor before using an enema, as people have varying needs, and different products do not suit everyone. According to the Canadian Society of Intestinal Research , medicinal uses include:.

According to a article , the concept of using an enema comes from the historical theory of autointoxication. This theory suggests that toxins and other waste products of digestion collect in the colon from where they may reabsorb into the body. Some people suggest that using an enema can reduce the time toxins spend in the colon and boost health, as a result. Others believe enemas may play a role in treating conditions such as cancer. However, the Canadian Society of Intestinal Research state that evidence for the health benefits of using an enema for detoxification is limited.

They warn that other than for medicinal purposes, using an enema at home can be dangerous if a person does not do it correctly. If a person chooses to use an enema at home, they should set aside enough time so that they do not rush the process.

It is best not to eat for at least 30 minutes before starting the process. After injecting the fluid, the individual should lie on their back and try to hold it in for as long as they can. They will usually be unable to keep their bowels closed for more than 5 minutes. Regardless of how quickly the enema works, the individual should stay near the bathroom in case they need to pass the contents of their bowels again for the remainder of the hour. A person may find that they are unable to have a bowel movement after using an enema.

If this happens, they must seek medical attention. A doctor can examine the contents of the bowel and may suggest using a second enema. A healthcare professional might perform a barium enema if they want to see the outline of the large intestine. If a person has hemorrhoids , they should take extra care to avoid further discomfort. If a person has had a bowel obstruction or colon surgery, they have an increased risk of bowel perforation and should avoid using an enema.

The use of an enema before giving birth is no longer the standard recommendation. The procedure is invasive and does not benefit a woman in labor. Enemas can help treat some medical conditions. They can also prepare a person for certain medical procedures.

There is no scientific evidence that an enema benefits general health, and using an enema to detox can be harmful. Inserting substances such as coffee or oil into the body can also introduce harmful bacteria. It is usually necessary to have an empty bowel before surgery on the rectum, colon, or gut.

A person may need to use an enema at home before surgery, or a medical professional may give an enema in the hospital. A colonoscopy is the use of a small camera to check the health of the rectum or bowel. The bowel will need to be empty before this procedure.

A person may need to limit their diet for a few days before the procedure. The doctor may also prescribe an enema to ensure that the bowel is empty. A barium enema can help check for bowel or colon cancer. One enema empties the bowel, and another puts liquid barium into the rectum. This shows up on an X-ray to give clear images of the bowels. After the procedure, the barium passes from the body in a bowel movement. An enema can help treat severe constipation.

There are two main types of enema for constipation. The first lubricates the bowels to help stool pass quickly. The second is a retention enema, which stays in the body for longer. A retention enema is usually oil-based, and it soaks the stool to ease its passage from the body. Regular use of enemas to treat constipation can cause health problems. A more lasting way to resolve constipation is with diet and lifestyle changes. Drinking enough water and including plenty of fiber in the diet can keep bowel movements healthy and regular.

People can administer medication using an enema. This can especially help with treating health problems affecting the colon, such as inflammatory bowel disease. In some cases, an enema can deliver other types of medication.

Always choose percent fruit juice or make your own at home. Try our recipe for kiwi strawberry juice. Breakfast cereals tend to be loaded with simple carbohydrates. Complex carbs pack in more nutrients than simple carbs. Fiber and starch are the two types of complex carbohydrates. Fiber is especially important because it promotes bowel regularity and helps to control cholesterol.

Starch is also found in some of the same foods as fiber. The difference is certain foods are considered more starchy than fibrous, such as potatoes.

Complex carbohydrates are key to long-term health. They make it easier to maintain a healthy weight and can even help guard against type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular problems in the future. Whole grains are good sources of fiber, as well as potassium , magnesium , and selenium. Choose less processed whole grains such as quinoa, buckwheat, and whole-wheat pasta.

Some of these are apples , berries, and bananas. Avoid canned fruit since it usually contains added syrup. Eat more of all your veggies, including broccoli , leafy greens, and carrots. Choosing the right carbs can take time and practice. With a little bit of research and a keen eye for nutrition labels, you can start making healthier choices to energize your body and protect it from long-term complications. Carbs are made up of fiber, starch, and sugars.

The American Diabetes Association recommends getting 25 to 35 grams of fiber per day. People often stop losing before they reach their desired weight.

Examples of such foods include :. Whenever it is possible, people should try to stick to eating whole fruits rather than fruit juice. Whole fruits contain more dietary fiber and are a better option. There may be some situations where these forms of less healthful, simple carbohydrates can be beneficial. For example, many sports drinks contain large amounts of added sugar.

Manufacturers market these drinks as beverages for improving performance and enhancing rehydration. However, the evidence for their effectiveness is lacking. A systematic review of 17 studies on the topic found no improvements in performance in half of the studies.

Sports drinks may be beneficial for improving performance, but the effect is likely to be small. It is unclear whether this possible benefit offsets the health consequences of having so much added sugar in a diet. For example, whole-grain foods contain a layer of bran and germ, which provide fiber, vitamin B and E, phytochemicals, and healthful fats. They may also reduce the risk of several chronic health conditions, such as type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease, and several forms of cancer.

Refined grains are also complex carbohydrates but do not contain the bran and germ of the grain, and they have a lower nutritional value than whole-grain foods. Vegetables, legumes, and nuts are also examples of highly nutritious sources of complex carbohydrates. It is easy to leave the skins on vegetables and fruit before eating, which will increase their nutritional value. Carbohydrates are an essential energy source for the body.

Complex carbohydrates provide a more lasting source of energy than simple carbohydrates because they take longer to digest. However, this does not mean that all complex carbohydrates are healthier choices. Simple carbohydrates are present in many healthful foods, such as fruits and milk.

Complex carbohydrates may also be a constituent of refined foods, such as white bread or white rice. For these reasons, it is essential to consider the whole food rather than just the type of carbohydrate it contains. Carbohydrates provide energy for the body, but the health benefits they offer depend on the type of carbs we consume. Complex carbs, found in brown…. There are two types of carbs: complex and simple.

In this article, we look at how the amount of carbs people eat affects weight loss. We also examine what carbs are best for people aiming to lose…. Simple carbohydrates, as the name implies, are simple structures since they contain one or two sugar molecules linked together. Monosaccharides are single sugar molecules and include glucose, fructose and galactose and are the building blocks for other carbohydrates, while disaccharides are double sugar molecules and include sucrose, maltose and lactose.

Because simple carbohydrates are made up of shorter sugar chains, they are more quickly digested and absorbed by the body given they require less time to be broken down. Simple carbohydrates can be identified by their sweet taste and are found in most processed foods including breakfast cereals, baked foods, and candy, and include any form of processed sugar.

These forms of simple carbohydrate are highly processed, devoid of their own nutrients, and are best avoided, however, not all forms of simple carbohydrates are processed.

In fact, simple carbohydrates can also be found in many whole foods including fruit, dairy and some vegetables. The benefit of whole food sources of simple carbohydrates is that they come packed with fibre, vitamins and minerals which help to slow the rate at which sugar is absorbed and provide nutritional value at the same time. On the contrary, processed foods made of refined carbohydrates and added sugars are devoid of fibre and nutrients and therefore the rate at which the sugar is absorbed is much greater.

Complex carbohydrates are made up of sugar molecules that are strung together in long, complex chains, also known as oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Complex carbohydrates are made up of digestible, partly digestible and indigestible starches, and for this reason, take longer for the body to break down and digest and allow for a more gradual release of energy.

Whole grains, beans, lentils, and vegetables are all examples of foods that contain complex carbohydrates and, compared to simple carbohydrates, contain a much larger amount of fibre. However, the format in which complex carbohydrates are consumed can greatly influence whether they remain an ideal choice or not.

For instance, grains are a form of complex carbohydrates, but when milled into a refined flour they become a form of simple carbohydrate given the fibre and nutrient-dense bran and germ are removed in the process. These forms of carbohydrates are often referred to as refined carbohydrates and include items such as cereals, bagels muffins, cookies, crackers and pastries, just to name a few.

Generally speaking, complex carbohydrates are digested at a slower rater than simple carbohydrates, given they contain a larger amount of fibre, however, that does not mean that all simple carbohydrates are a poor choice and all complex carbohydrates are a good choice.

You simply multiply two sides to find the area, since all sides of a square are equal. A triangle is a three-sided closed figure. The perpendicular distance from the base to the opposite highest point is called the height H.

So the formula would be:. The area of a circle is the total area that is bounded by the circumference or the distance around the circle. Think of the area of the circle as if you drew the circumference and filled in the area within the circle with paint or crayons. The formula for the area of a circle is:. There are many authentic and real-life reasons where you would need to calculate the area of various shapes.

For instance, suppose you are looking to sod your lawn; you would need to know the area of your lawn in order to purchase enough sod. Or, you may wish to lay carpet in your living room, halls, and bedrooms. Again, you need to calculate the area to determine how much carpeting to purchase for the various sizes of your rooms. Knowing the formulas to calculate areas will help you determine the areas of the rooms. For example, if your living room is 14 feet by 18 feet, and you want to find the area so that you can buy the correct amount of carpet, you would use the formula for finding the area of a rectangle, as follows:.

So you would need square feet of carpet. If, by contrast, you wanted to lay tiles for your bathroom floor, which is circular, you would measure the distance from one side of the circle to the other—the diameter—and divide by two.

Then you would apply the formula for finding the area of the circle as follows:. If the diameter of your circular floor is 4 feet, you would have:. You would then round that figure off to So you would need 13 square feet of tile to complete your bathroom floor.

If you have a really original-looking room in the shape of a triangle, and you want to lay carpet in that room, you would use the formula for finding the area of a triangle. You'd first need to measure the base of the triangle.

Suppose you find that the base is 10 feet. You'd measure the height of the triangle from the base to the top of the triangle's point. The area of irregular shapes can be found by dividing the shape into unit squares. When the shape does not occupy the complete unit square, we can approximate and find its value. The total length of the boundary of a closed shape is called its perimeter.

In other words, the perimeter is the sum of the sides of a 2-dimensional shape. The perimeter of the triangle is the sum of three sides of the triangle whereas the area of the triangle is. The formulas for the area and perimeter of a square and a rectangle are as follows. The area of a shape is the number of unit squares required to completely cover it. Therefore, it is measured and expressed in square units.

Learn Practice Download. Area Area is the amount of space occupied by a two-dimensional figure. What Is the Meaning of Area? How to Calculate Area? Area of Geometric Shapes - Formula 4. Examples on Area Example 1: Find the area of a square with a side of 7 cm. Example 2: The dimensions of a rectangle are 15 cm and 8 cm. Find its area. Example 3: Can you find the area of a circle with a radius of 14 cm? Example 4: Calculate the area of the given shape by counting the squares.

Solution: Let's calculate the full squares and the half squares. How can your child master math concepts? Practice Questions on Area. Explore math program. They will often be given rectangles not drawn to scale, so will need to remember this formula. They also need to estimate the area of irregular shapes. In Year 6 , children will need to work out how to find the area of an irregular shape , such as the following. Often, not all the measurements of each side will be given to make this harder.

A good way of finding the area of a shape like this is to split the shape up into smaller shapes and then work out the area of each of these. The areas of the smaller shapes can then be added up to find the answer.

Children will sometimes be asked to solve worded puzzles or investigations about area, where no pictorial representation is given, for example: A rectangle has a perimeter of 36cm. What could the area of this shape be? There is more than one possible answer to this question.

The author does an amazing job of looking at the argument with an objective and unbiased view, and goes into great depth about the history of Hz and its supposed advantages over You can decide for yourself which tuning sounds better to your ears! This video also gives a good, unbiased argument for listening to the same piece in different frequencies:. I, for one, really enjoy the way that Hz sounds to my ears. Learn the basics of digital audio and how a computer handles sound, from audio sample rate to bit depth.

From oscillators to envelopes and filters, learn the basics of Synth VSTs so you can start creating your own sounds for use in your music production. Compression is an invaluable tool, but can be a challenge in mastering.

In Episode 3 of 'Are You Listening? Get top stories of the week and special discount offers right in your inbox. You can unsubscribe at any time. Shop Deals. Never Miss an Article! A brief history of tuning standards Over the past few centuries, the tones that have made up western classical music have fluctuated considerably. The rise of Hz Many musicians and non-musicians alike vehemently oppose the industry standard of Hz as a reference for tuning.

If you look down the right paths, it becomes clear that governments and various security apparatuses have used music to control us using music. If musical performances were to sound the same the world over, some standardization was required. As early as , the Music Commission of the Italian Government declared that all instruments and orchestras should use a tuning fork that vibrated at Hz, which was different from the original standard of Hz and the competing Hz used in France.

In , the American Federation of Musicians endorsed the Italians, followed by a further push for Hz in the s. In , a worldwide agreement was signed. This frequency became the standard ISO reference for tuning all musical instruments based on the chromatic scale, the one most often used for music in the West.

All the other notes are tuned in standard mathematical ratios leading to and from Hz. This tone standard is now universally accepted, which is why a piano in Toronto sounds exactly the same as a piano in China. Weirdly, no one can say for sure why this frequency was chosen in the first place.

In fact, there those among us who vehemently disagree with this standard. They point to how this pitch can be connected to everything from nautilus shells to the works of the ancients, including the construction of the Great Pyramid. It just feels better. This is what sounds like A4 by modern standards. In other words, notes with a lower pitch have a lower frequency measured in Hz , while higher notes have a higher frequency.

Put simply, Hz is a specific pitch that we can classify as one version of the note A4. By setting A4 at Hz rather than Hz, every other note must be shifted down from accordingly for proper tuning, so B4 drops from If Hz has been the standard for well over half a century, why do some people swear by Hz including Verdi, supposedly?

As mentioned earlier, musicians across time preferred to tune their instruments in various ways for intuitive, practical, mathematical, and even spiritual reasons. Ultimately, composers and producers are concerned with what sounds best.

Once again, this is a matter of personal preference, though the untrained ear might not even notice much of a difference. Our experiences inform our likes and dislikes. That said, for physiological reasons, you might simply resonate more with Hz music. Distinguishing between and Hz can be challenging without hearing some examples firsthand. Fortunately, telling the two apart and trying them out yourself is easier now than ever before with the help of online resources and digital audio workstations DAWs.

In this video by Paul Davids, you can hear a back-to-back rendition of "Ode to Joy," first played in standard Hz tuning and then in Hz he does the same for a few other songs, too. Hearing the same piece played back to back in two different tunings is somewhat jarring at first. The flattened tonality of the Hz rendition might sound off-putting initially, but once your ear adjusts, the song basically sounds just as you would expect it to.

Similarly, if you then hop back to the Hz version, the sharpness might come off as unpleasant for a little while before you settle back in.

This contrast clearly expresses the difference between these two tuning standards, and also suggests something about the way we perceive information. Unless you've got a great ear, odds are you'll get at least one wrong example fatigue, anyone? The "cheat," of course, is that the flatter version of a given example is tuned to Hz while the sharper version is tuned to Hz. So, do the above examples prove that there's no significant difference between these tuning standards? Does it indicate that it's all just arbitrary?

Not exactly. After hearing these various back-to-back samples, most people can identify differences based on the way they're tuned. Once a standard is set, however, most of us won't intrinsically notice much of a real difference, let alone accept one as preferable to the other. Context and contrast uncover the subtle but real differences between them. While the jury is out on many of these assertions, there are some real advantages to trying out various tunings, such as Hz.

Even if the difference isn't noticeable to the average listener, your songs might carry a rare flavor by fleeing from the pack in this way you're bound to confuse anyone trying to cover your song without prior knowledge of the difference in tuning, too. Additionally, exploring different tuning standards can help you discover new things about tonality and spark your creative impulses.

You might even overcome a case of writer's block by re-tuning different instruments or messing around with different frequencies for a change. Lastly, if you truly believe that the resonance of Hz induces positive physical and emotional sensations regardless of what data suggests , then listening to and creating music in this tuning standard might bring you comfort essentially a placebo effect.

Design: Cross-over pilot study. Setting: A room dedicated to listening to music, in an Italian city. Interventions: Two sessions of music listening on different days.