Which kingdoms only have eukaryotes

Genome Biol Evol. Proc Biol Sci. PLoS Biol. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Jan Pawlowski. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. Reprints and Permissions.

Pawlowski, J. The new micro-kingdoms of eukaryotes. BMC Biol 11, 40 Download citation. Received : 07 January Accepted : 11 April Published : 15 April Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Also, they are the perfect umbrellas for little fairies.

Image from here. All right, now that we've upped your appreciation for mushrooms, go ahead and call in that pick-up order for your pizza with extra fungus before we get on to plants. Maybe you could make it a Veggie-Lover's to get in the mood for the next section. You might as well throw some meat on there too.

The animal domain isn't too far away. A jungle has no shortage of plant varieties for Tarzan to enjoy. When it comes to plants, there's no stopping your imagination. Moss, ferns, trees, flowering plants, grass, etc. We eat them, we grow them on our windowsills, we sit under their shade, we walk on them, we weed them, and in some cases we even wear them down the catwalk.

Plants are further divided into different types. There are bryophytes includes mosses , seedless vascular plants includes ferns , gymnosperms includes Christmas trees , and angiosperms includes the dozen roses you forgot to buy on V-Day. The diversity of plants is further laid out for you here. They are multicellular. They are autotrophs. Plant cells have cell walls made of cellulose. Plant cells have chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis.

They alternate generations. It's not too hard to pick out a plant. The green color and growth in a fixed place is usually a good indicator. Plants are green due to a pigment called chlorophyll in their chloroplasts, the organelles that perform photosynthesis. Because they perform photosynthesis, all plants are autotrophs that make their own food.

This doesn't stop some of them from snacking on us. Okay, so that never really happens. But there are still some plants that enjoy the occasional beetle. Hey, we all have our weaknesses. The cell walls of plants are largely made up of cellulose , a different sugar polymer than the chitin that makes up fungal cell walls.

Cellulose is a compound that is strong like a bull. It gives plant cells, and therefore the entire plant, the strength to carry the weight of heavy branches, leaves, and 1, migrating birds. It also gives plants a defined, rigid shape. Plant reproduction can also be a little variable, but they share the common feature of alternating generations. One generation is known as the sporophyte generation , and these family members produce a reproductive spore. These spores can create new plants in some species that are genetically identical to their parents, just like the fungal spores did.

However, the plant that arises out of a spore will be part of the gametophyte generation and usually doesn't look much like its parent at all. This plant will produce gametes through meiosis eggs or sperm that need to fuse with another gamete to produce the next plant. These gametophyte-producing organisms are tinier—like what you'd find if you cracked open a pinecone or looked under a fern. It's also the next eukaryotic kingdom on our list to discuss. No worries.

You can continue singing "Hakuna Matata" here, too. It'll come as no surprise that this is also a pretty diverse kingdom. Still, there are a few things we can hold onto as common characteristics:. They are heterotrophs. They do not have cell walls. The kingdom Fungi is expanded by adding Microsporidia, because of protein sequence evidence that these amitochondrial intracellular parasites are related to conventional Fungi, not Protozoa.

Fungi are subdivided into four phyla and 20 classes; fungal classification at the rank of subclass and above is comprehensively revised. The kingdoms Protozoa and Animalia are modified in the light of molecular phylogenetic evidence that Myxozoa are actually Animalia, not Protozoa, and that mesozoans are related to bilaterian animals.

Animalia are divided into four subkingdoms: Radiata phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Placozoa, Ctenophora , Myxozoa, Mesozoa and Bilateria bilateral animals: all other phyla. Several new higher level groupings are made in the animal kingdom including three new phyla: Acanthognatha rotifers, acanthocephalans, gastrotrichs, gnathostomulids , Brachiozoa brachiopods and phoronids and Lobopoda onychophorans and tardigrades , so only 23 animal phyla are recognized.

Raoult, et al. La Scola et al. Division Bryophyta mosses and liverworts. Division Psilophyta Psilotum or whisk fern. Division Lycophyta club mosses. Division Sphenophyta horsetails.

Division Pterophyta ferns. Division Cycadophyta cycads. Division Ginkgophyta maidenhair tree. Division Coniferophyta Pinophyta: conifers. Division Anthophyta flowering plants. Biological Organization.

Species a distinct kind or unit. Twenty of the more than species of Pinus on earth. All of these pines are native to the state of California, USA. Monterey Pine P. Bishop Pine P. Santa Cruz Island Pine P. Whitebark Pine P.

Limber Pine P. Beach Pine P. Lodgepole Pine P. Western White Pine P. Knobcone Pine P. Bristlecone Pine P. Foxtail Pine P. Four-Leaf Pinyon P. Two-Leaf Pinyon P. One-Leaf Pinyon P. Ponderosa Pine P. Coulter Pine P. Digger Pine P. Torrey Pine P. Jeffrey Pine P. Sugar Pine P. Another species left image called the Washoe Pine P. In addition, the Beach and Lodgepole Pines are now recognized as subspecies of P.